Eating Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in School

Eating Behavior and Perceptions of Body Image in School Eating conduct and impression of self-perception in younger students Foundation Body disappointment, which is characterized as the error among saw and perfect self-perception, can begin during youth (Smolak 2004) and can prompt eating and weight issues in immaturity (Stice 2002; McKnight 2003). In particular, Stice 2002 revealed that when a pre-adult presents with body disappointment the likelihood of connecting with to eating less junk food and dietary patterns that are antecedents of dietary issues was expanded. Other than that body disappointment was connected to bulimia (Stice 2002). In addition, McKnight 2003 proposed that younger students who gave more slender distraction were in more serious danger of building up a dietary problem (McKnight 2003). What's more, body disappointment has been related with weight, since heftiness is a dietary problem hazard factor (Fairburn, Welch et al. 1997; Mustillo, Worthman et al. 2003) and self-perception is an arbitrator of the danger of creating dietary issues (Dounchis, Hayden et al. 2001). With the exception of from body disappointment, eating issues in youth can prompt dietary issues in puberty and early adulthood (Kotler, Cohen et al. 2001). Various examinations have concentrated on the connection between eating styles that go before the advancement of dietary problems, and the impression of self-perception in different age bunches like younger students, youths and college understudies and have detailed that people with high EAT and ChEAT scores were bound to pick a more slender perfect self-perception and subsequently had body disappointment (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996; Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003; Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012; del Mar Bibiloni, Pich et al. 2013; Kutlu and Civi 2013). In more detail, Kutlu and Civi (2013) researched the relationship between side effects of dietary problems and body observation by utilizing the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) in college understudies and found that people who saw themselves stout revealed higher scores in the EAT-40 and along these lines exhibited a connection between dietary problems and self-perception recognition. Comparative outcomes were introduced in an examina tion that explored the relationship between self-body and side effects of anorexia nevrosa in secondary school people in Japan and demonstrated that understudies with a dietary issue regularly picked the most slender perfect self-perception when contrasted with the understudies who didn't have a dietary problem (Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003). Furthermore, Edlund et al. 1996 researched the connection between the ChEAT, DEBQ polls and self-perception in school young ladies and saw that young ladies with high ChEAT scores were bound to count calories and draw in to controlled eating and these young ladies had a higher error among perfect and saw self-perception. Different investigations have concentrated on eating practices like limited and enthusiastic eating and the connection with view of self-perception (Kapka-Skrzypczak 2012; Wiedemann and Saules 2013; Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Ohara et al. 2014 examined the relationship between eating conduct, by utilizing the DEBQ survey, and error of self-perception in Japanese college understudies and proposed that controlled eating was contrarily connected with body disappointment in the two guys and females. Likewise, college female understudies with enthusiastic eating had more elevated levels of inconsistency of self-perception. This example was not seen in guys (Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Wiedemann and Saules (2013) proposed that the positive relationship between passionate eating and weight issue observation, another term for self-perception discernment, could be clarified by the way that people that see themselves as overweight draw in to enthusiastic eating since they experience compelling fe elings like displeasure, wretchedness or nervousness more regularly than people who are happy with their self-perception. Kapka-Skrzypczak (2012) examined the connection between dietary propensities in teenagers and youthful grown-ups and announced that understudies that weren’t on a tight eating routine were progressively happy with their self-perception when contrasted with understudies that attempted to get more fit. Another significant actuality that emerges from the current writing is that most of studies are cross-sectional and inspect the relationship between dietary issues manifestations or eating conduct and body disappointment in a particular point in time. This outcomes in an absence of longitudinal information examining the specific pathway that interfaces eating conduct and the inconsistency among saw and perfect self-perception. Also, the majority of the examinations that were found during the writing search included youths and college understudies and just two investigations explored this relationship in younger students (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996; Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012). Along these lines, the target of this examination is to investigate the relationship between eating conduct of younger students (multi year old), announced by moms, and the error of self-perception. For this reason information from the Generation R study will be utilized. Moreover, eating conduct will be surveyed by the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the view of self-perception by the Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS). All in all, future investigations should concentrate on more youthful ages, between 4-9 years of age, on the grounds that as of now it isn't known whether the affiliation that is exhibited by the previously mentioned examinations for young people and college understudies is available at this age bunch as well. Moreover, longitudinal examinations researching in the case of eating conduct of preschool youngsters is an indicator of the impression of self-perception are required what's more the individual and parental components, sociocultural elements ought to be thought about. Age R Age R is a populace based imminent companion concentrate from fetal life to youthful adulthood (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). This examination plans to research the causes (natural and hereditary) and the pathway that add to a typical or strange development and thus the condition of wellbeing for the duration of fetal life, adolescence and adulthood. In Generation R there are sure zones of exploration intrigue: maternal wellbeing, development and physical turn of events, social and intellectual turn of events, respiratory wellbeing and sensitivities, maladies in youth, and wellbeing and human services for kids and their folks. Age R welcomed every pregnant lady living in Rotterdam and were required to convey between April 2002 and January 2006. Moreover, follow-up contemplates included youngsters conceived by moms that took an interest in the investigation. Members needed to sign a composed educated agree so as to have the option to take an interest in the investigation. Physical a ssessments and surveys were remembered for the evaluations, where the larger part (86%) of the polls were rounded out by guardians. Age R has been endorsed by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. More data and subtleties of Generation R can be found somewhere else (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) The CEBQ was created so as to survey the eating conduct of kids and study which eating styles lead to corpulence and overweight (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Children’s eating conduct is accounted for by guardians and comprises of 8 eating conduct things: food responsiveness, pleasure in food, passionate gorging, want to drink, satiety responsiveness, enthusiastic undereating and fastidiousness. So as to quantify these things a 5-point Likert scale is utilized and goes from 1 to 5, where 1 meant â€Å"never† and 5 â€Å"always† (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS) The CBIS is an instrument that is utilized to survey the impression of body size in youngsters (Truby and Paxton 2002). CBIS comprises of 7 figures which have various variants for guys and females. These 7 figures go from the most slender body shape to the fattest (third to 97th NCHS percentiles) (Truby and Paxton 2002). For the most part, kids need to pick between these 7 figures the one that speaks to the apparent and the one that means the perfect self-perception. Covariates Youngster BMI, sex, ethnicity, maternal BMI and instruction will be remembered for the relapse investigation as possible frustrating factors (Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012; Baillie and Copeland 2013; Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014; Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). It has been shown that female secondary school understudies had higher scores on enthusiastic eating and voraciously consuming food than guys (Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). Furthermore, Baile and Copeland (2013) saw that ladies had higher score on the Body Shape Questionnaire. A distinctive example was accounted for in Goncalves et al. (2012), where young men who were not happy with their self-perception had higher score in the ChEAT survey, an example that was not found in young ladies who partook in a similar report. In addition, another examination in Korean young people found that guys had higher level of self-perception mutilation and in this manner were in more serious danger of building up a dietary issue than females ( Hyun, Jung et al. 2014). BMI has been related with self-perception disappointment, since people with a higher BMI are bound to be disappointed with their self-perception and draw in to limited eating (Jones and Crawford 2005; OHaver, Melnyk et al. 2009; Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012). Besides, contrasts in the size of self-perception disappointment concerning ethnicity have been recommended by certain examinations (Gluck and Geliebter 2002; Baillie and Copeland 2013). Glunk and Geliebter (2002) announced that Caucasians and Asians had a higher inconsistency of self-perception than African Americans and Caucasians scored higher on the dietary issue poll than Asians and African Americans. Baillie and Copeland (2013) saw that Caucasians had a gr

Topic and Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Subject and Research Questions - Essay Example her needs to consider things in their regular settings, endeavor to look further into them and understand them, and decipher them as far as the implications individuals bring to them (Yin 7). In this inquiry the exploration will mean to discover what the medicinal services suppliers think about the utilization of the electronic record keeping in clinical practice. It endeavors to discover the emotions that they have on whether electronic record keeping has prompted enhancements in their administration conveyance, in the event that it has influenced their conveyance of care to their patients and for the most part what they consider electronic record keeping corresponding to different strategies for record saving accessible for use by them. This is a quantitative research question. Quantitative research will in general spotlight on estimation and verification of marvels. This kind of research receives a logical way to deal with inquire about that experiences a particular procedure. The logical procedure depends on the reason that a marvel is just significant or of worth in the event that it very well may be watched and tallied. Subjective research is described by numerical information which takes into consideration an assortment of factual investigation (Gravetter and Forzano). Numerous inquires about have utilized this technique in view of the way that it is target and simpler to decipher figures than deciphering sentiments and feelings or impression of individuals or wonders. This kind of research fundamentally utilizes polls and reviews in information assortment before investigation. Typically a huge bit of the populace is overviewed with the goal that the outcomes depict a delegate test of the entire populace (Grave tter and Forzano 157-158). This inquiry thusly plans to lead a review on the US clinics by checking what number of medical clinics have received and are utilizing the electronic record keeping. As a matter of fact an assortment of clinics might be studied in this examination to distinguish what number of them utilize the electronic wellbeing records. The pace of reception can be shown up at by discovering the quantity of clinics that are utilizing

Why I Chose Wisconsin free essay sample

I am applying to just a single school and that is the University of Wisconsin-Madison. As a school destined grappler I thought about Stanford, Northwestern, Nebraska and Wisconsin. I visited every one of these schools and took a gander at all my alternatives. Each school had advantages and disadvantages. Stanford was extraordinary scholastically, yet distant, and I have for the longest time been itching to wrestle in the Big Ten. Northwestern was an incredible school and near and dear, yet they didn't have a genuine requirement for somebody at my weight. Nebraska had an extraordinary wrestling project and they required a 141 pounder, yet it was far away and the scholastics were deficient. I picked Wisconsin since it is my home state, I know and regard the mentors and a considerable lot of the grapplers and furthermore on the grounds that the school is particular with their confirmations and the business college is exceptionally positioned. I settled on my choice dependent on what I t hink will profit me the most during my lifetime, not on carefully which school can make me the best school grappler. We will compose a custom exposition test on Why I Chose Wisconsin or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As an understudy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison I will exploit the incredible scholastics, become a basic piece of the wrestling program and partake in extracurricular exercises related with the School of Business. My primary goal is scholastics. I buckled down in secondary school to accomplish a general evaluation point normal of 3.9, to score a 29 on the ACT and to enter school with 13 AP credits. I anticipate partaking in classes at UW that are better than expected as far as trouble, and so forth. I like to break new ground and I envision that the courses at Madison won't baffle! I will probably keep on accomplishing passing marks and to be admitted to the School of Business toward the finish of my first year. In late November I will sign an early letter of goal to wrestle for Wisconsin. I am enthusiastic about wrestling. Wrestling is a game that has shown me a lot of order and mental sturdiness. I expect school wrestling to be substantially more testing than secondary school yet I am solid and steady for that challenge. I realize that the UW group is effectively engaged with chipping in and I invite the chance to partake in that part of the game. In conclusion, I hope to take an interest in a few clubs that are a piece of the School of Business. I accept that by taking an interest in these extracurricular exercises I will make significant contacts and extend my instruction outside the study hall. Despite the fact that I am questionable now what club I will really take an interest in, the Entrepreneurship Association resembles an association that I might want to turn out to be effectively engaged with as I would like to some time or another possess and work a fruitful business.

What Research Article Is - and What it Is Not

What Research Article Is - and What it Is Not The War Against Research Article For novice writers, it's really beneficial to look for a reading mentor that can help you preread your submission. A student should show whether the author delivers enough arguments to support their perspective. Writing an article review has over time was shown to be a tough assignment for the majority of the students. It is not just about expressing your opinion on the work. If you understand how to compose an article critique, you will readily finish the assignment not based on its complexity and formatting peculiarities. Regardless of what your major is, you will likely be expected to compose a critique paper sooner or later. Many students opt to download such samples as a way to find a general idea of the way the assignment should look like and what key points ought to be added. There are occasions when students do not will need to use articles as the key sources. The aim of an article review is connected with values that the men and women attach to opinion from others about certain information in a particular field. There are most likely a great deal of them, thus we start to sift through them. A good deal of individuals are still quite ego-driven. Rate the text when you have read the text, you can start to rate the author's ideas. In case it's a scientific article being reviewed, the author is going to be asked to use database searches to r etrieve the outcomes of the search. The title is supposed to be short and precise, giving all the information which the reader may want to comprehend what the essay is all about. An excellent title will pique your interest but typically you won't know until you are finished reading the article in the event the title is an accurate description. When you compose a journal critique, you give a skilled opinion of the post. It's crucial, as a number of the readers may wish to first read the article under review or might need to compare and make opinions of their very own other than that which is established in the review essay. The author is supposed to take notes of the several facets of the article they are likely to include in the article review essay. You're able to locate a lot of journal articles to think of a very good critique or review. Clear communication of the findings of research is crucial to the rise and maturation of science3 and expert practice. The research question needs to be precise and not merely recognize an overall field of inquiry. Principal research is understood to be factual, firsthand accounts of the study written by a man or woman who was part of the analysis. Qualitative researchers concentrate on the descriptions and deeper meaning connected to the data collected. The researchers discov ered that the drug not only inhibits the metabolism of glutamine, but in addition disrupts other aspects of cells, like their capacity to use glucose. Secondary research is useful once you need broad details on a topic. It is good when you need to understand a field better, as it brings in several articles that would be popular in the field. Qualitative research isn't linear and doesn't involve many formulas. What You Need to Do About Research Article Before It Is Too Late If you would like to quote a particular portion of the paper, you have to incorporate the page name at the end. The very first area of the article review writing process is reading the post to be reviewed for the very first time. While the majority of other types of articles include a summary during its end, the course of action is reversed in a research article. The next step is interpreting the info from the post. It is very important to explain why you respond to the text in a particular way. As with any sort of targeted writing, there's a protocol to follow when writing a research article in conditions of layout. Essentially, you just place the information that you have just read in your words. The info on the a variety of words, phrases and concepts are available on the internet or even at the library.

The Perfect Crime Essay - 711 Words

The Perfect Crime Sentence was passed and in that moment my whole life completely changed. In the background, you could hear the people chant, â€Å"Justice has finally been served!† They don’t know me I thought. Everybody makes mistakes, right? But, where was my second chance in life. My luck, the death penalty became legal again and eagerly waiting for me to become its newest member. My palms grew sweaty as always when I grew nervous and scared. There was nothing I could do. These people wanted me to pay for what I put them through. You’re probably wondering what I did. Well, where do I start? Let me begin on the day my little brain came up with this supposedly brilliant idea. It was on a summer’s afternoon and the sun was gleaming†¦show more content†¦They offered money for my silence and then threatened to kill me if I spoke. I laughed at their remark and reassured them this wasn’t the reason why I came. By the end of the day, I was a new member of their little cult. We stole, robbed and mugged people day in and day out. Life seemed so beautiful at that point. I constantly took out my family and friends for dinners to the fanciest restaurants. I wore expensive clothes from the finest stores in Beverly Hills. No more shopping in Flea markets and looking for bargains. I was living the life I’d always wanted and didn’t have to work so hard in getting it like everybody else. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;But on one crazy afternoon, things didn’t go as planned. The plan was to walk in and walk out. In less then two minutes we’d have to retrieve the gem. The decoys were Ben and I and Richard was the front man. All it needed was three men for the job. No one was home; at least we thought there wasn’t anyone. The family of the house was having a birthday party for little Johnny outside in the garden and still figured we could manage to go inside and get the job done without them realizing. Surprisingly, as things were about to come to an end little Johnny walked in to find me stealing his rich grandfather’s red rose. His screams echoed all through and around the house, alarming everyone. Little Johnny became our only ticket out. We took him inShow MoreRelatedCrimes of the Poverty Stricken vs. the Affluent875 Words   |  4 PagesThe crimes of today are vast and varied amongst the different socioeconomic statuses. Crimes committed by p overty stricken individuals are many times out of necessity. For example, a mother who needs to feed her children will often resort to stealing food or small, expensive items that can be converted to cash. â€Å"Poverty can lead to high levels of stress that in turn may lead individuals to commit theft, robbery, or other violent acts.†(Taylor 2006). On the other side of the coin there are alsoRead MoreThe Murder Of Innocent Civilians1425 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has always been depicted as an amiable place to live in. Generally, foreigners would picture America as the perfect place to raise a family and lead a joyous life. In their mind, the idea of the perfect fifties’ family household still holds true. Nevertheless, this image was quickly shattered, as the adverse and hostile environment that surrounded them proved to be more difficult than imagined. One of the biggest mistakes that they failed to recognize was the atrocious, random, murder ofRead MoreThe Atto rney For The Damned1629 Words   |  7 Pages17. Loeb described as â€Å"unmotivated†, â€Å"lazy† and â€Å"obsessed with crime† and spends most of his time reading crime novels, a popular pastime in the 1920’s. (Placeholder1) (Linder) Leopold and Loeb grew up in the upscale neighborhood of Kentwood. They know each other casually from there, but their relationship flourishes and grows while attending the University of Chicago, especially after discovering their mutual passion for crime. Three young lives lost when they decide the day has come to seeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Leopold, Loeb, And The Murder That Chicago 1719 Words   |  7 PagesSimon Baatz, an associate professor of history and historian has written an exceptional masterpiece â€Å"Leopold, Loeb, and the Murder that Chicago†. It was a crime that shocked the nation. It is a book based on a brutal murder in Chicago in 1924 of a child, by two wealthy students who killed solel y for the thrill of the experience. Baatz starts of the book by giving us a brief introduction of the victim Bobby Franks and his family. Bobby came from a rich family having one brother and sister. BobbyRead MoreThe Murder Of The Manson Family By Timothy Dwight1282 Words   |  6 PagesA murderer is normally defined by the psychological attributes that define him or her. These killers often suffer from a psychotic delusion that forces them to commit their horrific crimes. However, those who are pronounced sane and rational have a moral conviction that drives them to kill. It is this principle that separates the average murder from the psychotic sadists that believes in what he or she does. Charles Manson, leader of the Manson Family, believed in the apocalyptic war of Helter SkelterRead MoreChicago V. Leopold And Loeb : Crime Of The Century2217 Words   |  9 PagesChicago v. Leopold and Loeb: Crime of the Century The case that shocked Chicago ravaged the front pages of newspapers, was the talk of the town, and became infamous throughout Illinois and the U.S. The savage and questionable murder of a young, sweet boy proved all anyone could talk about in summer 1924. The media went haywire when the details about the murder and motive seemed different than any before. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb committed a murder so violent and brutal that their excuse committingRead MoreEssay on Edgar Allen Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado1048 Words   |  5 Pagesreally a perfect crime? This is the main point in Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† The story is a dark tale of a presumably insane man who suffers from, according to him, â€Å"the thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could† (Poe 75). One of the major factors in telling this story is the setting. The story is set primarily in the Montresor family catacombs, which provides the dark settin g, filled with human remains, and this reflects where Montresor commits his crime, where noRead MoreMinority Report : The Criminal Justice System1472 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice System, and the way crime is handled is different from the way our criminal justice system is structured and runs. In the film â€Å"Minority Report† the year that is taken place in 2045. This means that their technology in their year is more advanced comparing to our current technology which would interfere with our criminal justice system being slow. Starting from the beginning of this film what is shown is how the pre-crime team prevents crime from happening through their advancedRead MoreSignificance of Literary Devices in Child 44 Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesIn the enthralling novel Child 44, wrote by Tom Rob Smith, the powerful and cold country of USSR, under the rule of Joseph Stalin, is undergoing significant changes; this new communist society enforces the strict policy that â €Å"there is no crime†. In the meantime, a war hero and MGB member, Leo Demidov, is set out by his superiors to cover up, what is known to be a railway accident; when in reality, it was a certain murder. Conversely, when more bodies are found dead and the same imprints are left;Read MoreMarxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essays742 Words   |  3 PagesK1 Danielle  K Marxist  Theory  and  Crime  and  Punishment Throughout  human  history  countless  philosophers  have  risen  with  what  they  thought  to  be  the best  form  of  government  for  society  as  a  whole.  Ã‚  Karl  Marx  may  be  the  most  influential  philosopher  in Russian  history.  Ã‚  According  to  The  Free  Dictionary,  Marxism  is  the  concept  that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"class  struggle  plays  a central  role  in  understanding  societys  allegedly  inevitable  development  from  bourgeois  oppression  under capitalism  to  a  socialist  and  ultimately  classless  society†

The Mind Through Way Of His Dreams By Robert Fichers

Inception, the act of instilling an idea into someones’ mind by entering his or her dreams (dictionary.com). In the movie Inception Dom Cobbs’ goal is to plant an idea in Robert Fichers’ mind through way of his dreams. This is because they want him to find his dads’ â€Å"other will† so that Robert will not carry on in his dads’ footsteps but choose create his own destiny. However, Robert is not really choosing this on his own free will because the idea is being planted in his mind by someone else. Because of the events in this movie the director would be considered a hard determinist. Robert believes that he made the decision when in â€Å"reality† his decision was an illusion. Another of example of not having free will is when Mal kills herself. She thinks she is choosing to do it on her own when she really did not. The reason she killed herself is because Cobb planted the idea in her mind while they were stuck in limbo. He did this to bring them both back to â€Å"reality†. Quotations are required around â€Å"reality† because in this movie there is no way to determine if something is a dream or reality. During the movie Cobb tells Ariadne about his wife, Mal, who would always show up during his dreams. Cobb and Mal ended up getting stuck in limbo. They got stuck in limbo because the dream became their reality. Cobb eventually, after fifty years in the dream world, that he was not in reality. However, he could not convince Mal since she locked away what kept her grounded to reality, her

Marilyn’s responsibility free essay sample

1. What is Marilyn’s responsibility to her present employer regarding her knowledge that several employees are planning to seek positions with the new company? Marilyn is an experienced supervisor, and she is responsible to report if there are any problems with employees. In my opinion, she should inform middle or top management that there is possibility that some employees might leave. By doing this she is not telling on her employees. She is making sure that management will be prepared if someone leaves. In addition, if Marilyn informs top management about the issue, they might consider higher pay rates and better benefits in order to keep their current employees. 2. How should Marilyn reply to the recruiter who is asking her to come in for an interview? Does this constitute an ethnical decision for her? This does constitute and ethical decision for Marilyn. First, she needs to decide if she wants to stay with her current employer, or work for a new company. We will write a custom essay sample on Marilyn’s responsibility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe that it is not unethical to take a job interview, or find out more about benefits this new company might offer her. In my opinion, she needs to inform her current employer that she is considering other options before taking an interview. 3. Is it ethical for one company to receive funds to move into an area when other companies struggle to keep jobs from going offshore or from being lost to automation? First, the company that is moving into an area specializes in computer parts. Other companies which struggled with job losses were in the textile field. There is a possibility that computer parts manufacturing plant has better chances of succeeding in that town than textile company. So why not? I don’t think this is unethical. Especially, if new jobs will be created in a small town that was hit hard with job losses. Community will benefit if there are new job opportunities. Case Study 3-B 1. Outline the specific steps Cliff should have taken with Sonja prior to their meeting with Cindy to ensure the meeting went smoothly with no surprises. First, if the company had problems with Cindy’s performance at work they needed to follow certain procedures. Supervisor needs to identify the problem, once it is clear, so is the procedure to handle it. Procedure is a standardized way of responding to repetitive problems. Cliff is the corporate property manager; Sonja is corporate assistant property manager. Cliff should have been the one talking to Cindy, not Sonja. In my opinion, Sonja was not even supposed to be in the room. In this case, Cliff was supposed to tell Sonja if she wants to sit in, she can, but he will be the one talking to Cindy. He has the firing power, not Sonja. In addition, it was just simple meeting to discuss sales expectations for Cindy. Cliff showed that he is a weak supervisor by letting his assistant to fire an employee during sales expectations meeting. 2. As supervisor, what should Cliff have done when it became apparent Sonja was overstepping her authority during the meeting with Cindy? Cliff was supposed to stop Sonja and let her know that she doesn’t have that power. Moreover, he also could ask her to leave the room. He did not follow company protocol during the dismissal, which is very bad for company image. 3. What steps do you believe Heather should take with Sonja? With Cindy? I believe that Heather, as a seasoned veteran of HR needs to talk to Sonja and let her know that she needs to apologize to Cindy, and never overstep her authority again. In addition, I also think that it would be appropriate for Cliff and Cindy to have another meeting, where Cliff should apologize for what happened to make sure that this incident does not affect the company and all members of the executive committee. Case Study 4-A 1. Explain how work specialization is important to Jack as a building and grounds supervisor. Work specialization means that rather than an entire job being done by one individual, it is broken down into a number of steps that are each completed by a separate individual. Jack’s main job is to ensure that the inside of the buildings and the grounds are clean and in good repair and are pleasant places for students, faculty, staff, and visitors. This sounds like a simple description of his job, but it includes a lot more responsibilities. He has to make sure that everything is working fine, take care of plants, snow removal, heat and air conditioning, and maintain constant level of humidity in the greenhouse for biology department. He manages seven other full time workers. Each of them has their own responsibilities. He also hires part time workers depending on the need. Jack can’t possibly do it all alone. He needs at least one person for each job. In addition, he monitors their work, makes sure that everything is getting done. Work specialization is very important for Jack’s job. It is very beneficial, but it also has its cons. Boredom, fatigue, stress, low productivity, poor quality, high turnover are all negative things that can come with work specialization. Jack needs to motivate his employees, make sure that they are happy and have no problems. A good way to do this is to make them feel like the boss of their job, he needs to show that he trusts them and they can make good decisions. Moreover, it will be beneficial to involve them in decision process too. For example, one of the employees has specialization in heating and plumbing. He is more experienced in this field. So listening to ideas he has to offer will be beneficial to Jack and will show to that employee that his thoughts and ideas count. 2. What type of organizational structure does this community college have? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this structure? This community college has functional organizational structure. Functional structure is defined as an organization in which similar and related occupational specialties are grouped together. The strength of this structure is work specialization. Putting like specialties together results in economies of scale, minimizes duplication of personnel and equipment, and employees are satisfied because they are working with people just like themselves. The weakness of this structure is that organization focuses on functional goals and loses sight of its best interests. In other words, this can lead to complicated communication and long decision making processes. No one is responsible for end results, so members within individual functions have little understanding of what people in other functions are doing. In addition, employees can neglect the larger view of the company and its goals and objectives. When an employee has understanding of future goals, and visions of the company he/she can contribute more. When you are doing one job and not seeing how it benefits the organization in long term can lead to burnout and low productivity. It is important to feel and see that what you are doing matters and benefits the company. 3. Discuss the factors that determine the size of Jack’s span of control. Span of control stands for the number of employees a supervisor can efficiently and effectively direct. However, there is no universal answer. The factors that determine the size of Jack’s span of control are his experience and competency, level of training and experience of his employees, how complex are employee activities, how many different types of jobs are under the supervisors direction, how extensive the departments formal rules and regulations are. Since each of Jack’s full time workers specializes in different areas, it shows that the jobs are more varied which leads to the narrower span of control. Each worker is responsible for different types of things that needs to be done around campus, which makes their activities more complex. More complex activities lead to narrower span of control. Since each worker does different things Jack needs to review each task that is completed separately, it takes more time. I think seven full time workers and part timers depending on season is enough for Jack. Case Study 5-B 1. Why is it important for Jameel to know about the laws and regulations that affect human resource practice? Since one of Jameels responsibilities is to coordinate the part-time temporary work needs of several local companies, it is very important for him to know about laws and regulations that affect human resource practice. He needs to know about equal employment opportunities laws, and selection process which must be handled without regard to race, sex, religion, age, color, national origin, or disability. 2. Why is it important for Jameel to know how to determine staffing needs? Demand for human resources is a result of demand for what the department produces. If company needs to complete certain amount of work, and there are not enough current employees to complete the work, the company will need more employees. By assessing current human resource and future human resource needs and developing a program to meet future human resource needs which is employment planning, Jameel can know exactly how many potential employees he needs to recruit. 3. What are some recruiting methods that Jameel might use to ensure that he has the right employees to match the needs of employers? Some recruiting methods Jameel might use are employee referrals, advertisements, school placements, temporary help services, and employee leasing and independent contractors. In addition, he could also use online recruiting websites which are very popular. 4. Research the employment selection process of three businesses in your community. Ask questions like these: What type of and how much testing do they require? Is an application, resume, or work sample required? Who conducts the interviews and how long are they? Who makes the final decision to hire a new employee? How long is the process? Three businesses that I researched are Kroger, Starbucks, and Mason Nails. In order to apply for a job at Kroger you need fill out an online application. First part of their application is designed to collect personal information, and second part is assessment. The assessment is 17 pages long with 5 questions on each page. The assessment helps them to determine if you are a good fit for the company. Moreover, they also do background check and drug testing. Once your application is selected local manager of Kroger in the area where you live will conduct the interview. The interviews usually lasts 15/20 minutes. Local manager makes the final decision to hire an employee. The process can take 60 to 90 days (including application processing time). In order to apply for a job at Starbucks an application process is required. They don’t require any testing. Usually branch manager conducts the interview and it is approximately 20/30 minutes. Branch manager makes final decision to hire a new employee. The process is 20/30 days long. In Mason Nails usually potential employee does not need to fill an application. If someone is interested they need to come in and talk to the manager. If manager needs additional employees he/she will set up and interview with interested person. They would do skills test on potential employee (to see if they can do manicure/pedicure). In addition, license from cosmetology school is required. Manager/owner makes the final decision to hire. The process is short, it can be a week or two. Case Study 6-A 1. Refer to the steps of the control process. Where in the process do the steps taken by the Florida resort hotel fall? The steps taken by the Florida resort hotel fall into the first step of control process which is measuring actual performance. Managers started evaluating room cleanliness based on the instructional video information. Because of economic turmoil hospitality industry has been hit hard. Since clean rooms are critical component in customer satisfaction, managers of Florida resort hotel decided to use $10 test. This test worked and guest rooms cleaned to an impeccable standard. 2. As a supervisor, do you think the $10 test is a fair and appropriate method to measure the performance of the housekeeping staff? Why or why not? I think the $10 test is appropriate and fair method to measure performance. Housekeepers usually do their job, but they don’t clean every single little spot. They are not motivated to do so. If you fire them and hire new staff, the new staff will do the job, but it won’t be perfect. Perfect clean rooms are essential for customer satisfaction. Therefore, for housekeepers to have motivation to clean to perfection $10 test works. I look at it like tips, for good service you get tips. Same can be applied to this situation. 3. Describe which type of control is illustrated in this case. How do you know? Corrective control is a type of control that provides feedback after an activity is finished to prevent future deviations. Corrective control is illustrated in this case, because after the room has been cleaned, the manager would walk in lay 10 one dollar bills on the bed and take a dollar for each mistake. The manager gives feedback after the cleaning has been done. Case Study 7-A 1. In her new job, how might Toby make use of the knowledge she has about decision-making styles? Toby can use her knowledge about decision-making styles by examining how her boss, and other supervisors make their decisions. Once she knows their styles, she could find the best style to introduce her new ideas and take actions that she thinks will work better in the call center. 2. How would Toby benefit by examining the styles of her boss and those of the other supervisors? By examining the styles of her boss and other supervisors Toby can understand how two different people, with access to the same information, can differ in the ways they approach decisions and in the final choices they make. In addition, once she figures out their decision-making styles she will know exactly how to approach them with new ideas and offers. 3. In a popular television show The Apprentice, we see a particular style of decision making. Identify other public personalities by their decision-making styles. George W. Bush the 43rd president of US has directive decision-making style. Most of his decisions are quick and made with minimal information. On the other hand, Barack Obama’s decision making style is analytical. He tends to be more careful with his decisions, considers more alternatives, and reviews a lot of information before making a decision. Moreover, Jimmy Kimmel famous talk show host has behavioral decision making style. He works well with others, tries to avoid conflict, and seeks acceptance. In conclusion, Marc Jacobs who is a famous designer has conceptual decision making style. He tends to consider many alternatives, his focus is long range, and he is creative. Case Study 8-A 1. Describe the behaviors (stealing) by these employees in terms of their needs, the organization’s effect on them, equating their inputs and outcomes, and what employees expect from their employer. Need is a physiological or psychological deficiency that makes certain outcomes seem attractive. When your needs are unsatisfied it leads to tension, which sets off a drive to satisfy that need. These plant workers are unhappy with decisions that their company is making, they can’t do anything about it. If they quit, they will have no income at all. Stealing seems like a revenge for them. In order to satisfy their needs they steal. Moreover, the organization was too busy with its own problems that they forgot about their workers. According to Herzberg’s research if we want to motivate people in their jobs, we need to emphasize on achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, and growth. The organizations decisions had negative effect on the employees. Organization made them feel like they don’t have a voice. Equity theory states that employees perceive what they can get from a job situation (outcomes) in relations to what they put into it (inputs), and then compare their input-outcome ratio with the input-outcome ratio of others. These plant workers were getting paid certain amount of money for their job, suddenly their salary decreased. Naturally, they are very angry about the situation. They know that they are getting paid less for the amount of work they are doing. Finally, according to expectancy theory, an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when he or she believes that effort will lead to a good performance appraisal; that a good appraisal will lead to organizational rewards such as a bonus, a salary increase, or a promotion; and that the rewards will satisfy the employee’s personal goals. In this situation, plant workers are definitely not expecting anything from their company. All they got is salary decrease, and there will not be any bonuses or salary increase. They have no motivation to put full effort in their job. 2. What do you believe supervisors could have done differently to avert this â€Å"potential† problem? I believe that, the idea that pay cut would cause less harm than eliminating several jobs altogether was a bad idea. Reducing pay levels in order to prevent layoffs is not a solution. It will bring more harm to the company, just like it did in this case. Imagine you are making certain amount of money at your job, and one day your supervisor announces that you will be making less. It is definitely not fair for you. A company provokes anger of all of its employees by decreasing their salary, whereas layoffs are hard and sad but they don’t affect work productivity of remaining employees. Layoffs could have been hard but better decision to make.